Système tégumentaire

Le système tégumentaire

Le système tégumentaire se compose de la peau, les cheveux, les ongles, les glandes et les nerfs. Sa principale fonction est d'agir comme une barrière pour protéger le corps contre le monde extérieur. Il sert également à retenir les fluides corporels, protéger contre les maladies, éliminer les déchets et réguler la température corporelle. Afin de faire ces choses, le système tégumentaire fonctionne avec tous les autres systèmes de votre corps, dont chacun a un rôle à jouer dans le maintien des conditions internes du corps humain a besoin pour fonctionner correctement.

Les fonctions du système tégumentaire

Le système tégumentaire a de nombreuses fonctions, dont la plupart sont impliqués pour vous protéger et la régulation des fonctions internes de votre corps dans une variété de façons:

Protège internes vie tissus et organes du corps

Protège contre l'invasion par des organismes infectieux

Protège le corps contre la déshydratation

Protège le corps contre les changements brusques de température

Aide à éliminer les déchets

Agit comme un récepteur pour le toucher, la pression, la douleur, la chaleur et le froid

Magasins eau et la graisse

Comment fonctionne  le système tégumentaire avec d'autres systèmes?

Votre corps est un système complexe qui se compose de plusieurs sous-systèmes qui permettent de continuer à fonctionner correctement. Ces sous-systèmes servent à diverses fins et nécessitent des matériaux nécessaires pour fonctionner correctement, ainsi que des moyens de communication de l'information à d'autres parties du corps. Ainsi, la peau et d'autres parties du système tégumentaire travaillent  avec d'autres systèmes de votre corps pour maintenir et soutenir les conditions que vos cellules, les tissus et les organes ont besoin pour fonctionner correctement.

La peau est l'un des premiers mécanismes de défense de votre système immunitaire. Glandes minuscules dans les huiles sécrètent de la peau qui améliorent la fonction barrière de la peau. Les cellules immunitaires vivent dans la peau et constituent la première ligne de défense contre les infections.

En aidant à synthétiser et à absorber la vitamine D, le système tégumentaire fonctionne avec le système digestif pour favoriser l'absorption du calcium de notre alimentation. Cette substance entre dans la circulation sanguine que les réseaux capillaires de la peau. Fonctionnement sain de votre peau est également lié au système digestif car la digestion et l'assimilation des graisses et huiles alimentaires sont essentielles pour le corps pour être en mesure de rendre les huiles protectrices pour la peau et les cheveux.

Le système tégumentaire travaille également en étroite collaboration avec le système circulatoire et la surface capillaires à travers votre corps. Car certaines substances peuvent entrer dans la circulation sanguine à travers les réseaux de capillaires dans la peau, les patchs peuvent être utilisés pour livrer les médicaments de cette manière pour des conditions allant de problèmes cardiaques (nitroglycérine) au sevrage tabagique (patchs à la nicotine).

La peau est également importante en aidant à réguler la température de votre corps. Si vous avez trop chaud ou trop froid, votre cerveau envoie des impulsions nerveuses à la peau, qui dispose de trois moyens pour augmenter ou diminuer la perte de chaleur de la surface du corps: les poils sur la peau piège plus de chaleur si elles sont debout, et moins si ils sont couchés à plat; glandes sous la sueur de sécréter de la peau sur la surface de la peau afin d'augmenter la perte de chaleur par évaporation si le corps est trop chaud; capillaires près de la surface peut ouvrir quand votre corps a besoin pour se rafraîchir et se fermer lorsque vous avez besoin pour conserver la chaleur.

Votre peau joue un rôle essentiel dans votre corps en ce qui concerne le sens du toucher. Le système nerveux dépend de neurones intégrés dans votre peau pour sentir le monde extérieur. Il traite l'entrée de vos sens, notamment le toucher, et initie des actions en fonction de ces entrées. Par exemple, lorsque vous talon de votre orteil, les cellules nerveuses dans le pied envoyer des signaux jusqu'à la jambe, par la moelle épinière, et jusque dans le cerveau. Les connexions des cellules nerveuses dans le sens de ces signaux cerveau que la douleur.

Ainsi que l'interaction avec les systèmes de l'organisme, comme expliqué ci-dessus, le système tégumentaire contribue également à de nombreux processus physiologiques, en particulier ceux qui sont impliqués dans la régulation de l'environnement interne du corps de façon à maintenir un état stable. Un exemple est fourni par la façon dont la peau contribue à la régulation de la température par des changements dans la structure de l'approvisionnement en sang à la peau et par la transpiration, comme mentionné ci-dessus.

Artères de la tête et du cou - classés par ordre alphabétique

Les artères de la tête et du cou - classés par ordre alphabétique sont ci-dessous énumérés:

Artères de la tête et du cou - classés par ordre alphabétique
artère	Source	Branches	Supply to	Notes
alvéolaire, antéro-supérieure.	infraorbital artery.	branches dentaires.branches muqueuses.	incisive maxillaire et les canines; une partie du sinus maxillaire	Artèresalvéolaire supérieure antérieureest située entre les tables interne et externe de l'os du maxillaire.
alveolar, inferior	maxillary artery	lingual branches , mylohyoid artery., dental branches., mental artery.	mandibular teeth and gingiva; mandible; mylohyoid muscle	inferior alveolar artery runs with the inferior alveolar nerve within the mandibular canal
alveolar, middle superior	infraorbital artery.	dental branches., mucosal branches.	maxillary premolar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus	middle superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla
alveolar, posterior superior	maxillary artery.	dental branches., mucosal branches.	maxillary molar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus	posterior superior alveolar artery enters the maxilla in the infratemporal fossa
angular	facial artery.	no named branches	orbicularis oculi muscle. and lacrimal sac	angular artery is the terminal branch of the facial artery.
anterior cerebral	internal carotid a.	anterior communicating a., medial frontobasal a., polar frontal a., callosomarginal a., precuneal a.	medial and inferior portions of the frontal lobe; medial side of the parietal lobe; corpus callosum and part of the limbic lobe; olfactory bulb and tract; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract	the anterior communicating a. unites the two anterior cerebral aa. across the midline
anterior communicating	anterior cerebral a.	perforating aa.	an anastomotic connection	anterior communicating a. is a short vessel of anastomosis which crosses the midline to join the paired anterior cerebral aa.; it is part of the Circle of Willis
anterior deep temporal	maxillary a.	no named branches	anterior part of temporalis m. and surrounding deep tissues	anterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m.
anterior ethmoidal	ophthalmic a.	anterior meningeal a., anterior septal br., anterior lateral nasal br.	anterior ethmoidal air cells, frontal paranasal sinus, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory nerves	anterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, then runs forward on the cribriform plate
anterior inferior cerebellar	basilar a.	labyrinthine (usually)	pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); cerebellum; inner ear	shares its region of supply with branches of the basilar a.
anterior radicular	they arise as multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.)	they accompany the ventral rootlets to reach the spinal cord	meninges; spinal cord; spinal nerve; ventral rootlets	anterior radicular aa. anastomose with the anterior spinal a.
anterior spinal	contributions received from several arteries (vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)	pial arterial plexus	meninges; spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus)	anterior spinal a. anastomoses with the anterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
anterior superior alveolar	infraorbital a.	dental brs., mucosal brs.	maxillary incisor and canine teeth; part of the maxillary sinus	anterior superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla
anterior tympanic	maxillary a.	no named branches	middle ear	anterior tympanic a. passes through the petrotympanic fissure along with the chorda tympani n.
aortic arch	the continuation of the ascending aorta	brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid a., left subclavian a.	the entire body except the heart	aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta; the fibrous ligamentum arteriosum connects to the inferior surface of the aortic arch and it marks the location of the fetal ductus arteriosus aortic arch continues as the descending thoracic aorta
ascending cervical	inferior thyroid a.	unnamed muscular branches	deep muscles of the neck	ascending cervical a. ascends on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m. beside the phrenic n.
ascending palatine	facial a.	no named branches	superior pharyngeal constrictor, soft palate, palatine tonsil	ascending palatine a. shares supply of the tonsil bed with 4 other aa. (see also: tonsillar br. of the facial a., palatine br. of the ascending pharyngeal a., tonsillar br. of the dorsal lingual a., tonsillar br. of the descending palatine a.)
ascending pharyngeal	external carotid a.	pharyngeal brs., inferior tympanic a., posterior meningeal a.	pharynx, meninges	ascending pharyngeal a. arises from the medial side of the external carotid a. close to the birfurcation
auricular, deep	maxillary a.	no named branches	external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane	deep auricular a. is small and difficult to dissect
auricular, posterior	external carotid a.	stylomastoid br., auricular br., occipital br.	part of the external ear, scalp and deeper structures posterior to the ear	posterior auricular and greater occipital share their region of distribution
basilar	formed by the joining of the two vertebral aa.	pontine brs., anterior inferior cerebellar a., superior cerebellar a., two posterior cerebral aa. (terminal brs.)	pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); oculomotor nucleus; nucleus of Edinger-Westphal; cerebellum; posterior cerebrum	basilar a. contributes blood to the cerebral arterial circle
brachiocephalic trunk	aortic arch	right common carotid a., right subclavian a.	right side of the head and neck; right upper limb and right side of the chest wall	there is only one brachiocephalic trunk
buccal	maxillary a.	no named branches	cheek and associated muscles	buccal a. runs with the buccal branch of CN V
caroticotympanic	internal carotid a.	no named branches	tympanic cavity	caroticotympanic a. courses through the petrous portion of the temporal bone
carotid, common	brachiocephalic trunk (right), aortic arch (left)	external carotid a., internal carotid a.	most of the head and upper neck	common carotid a. bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage; the internal carotid a. and the external carotid a. are its terminal brs.; the carotid sinus and carotid body are located at the bifurcation
carotid, external	common carotid a.	superior thyroid a., ascending pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular a., maxillary a., superficial temporal a.	upper neck, face and scalp	external carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the face and superficial head; the maxillary a. and superficial temporal a. are its terminal branches
carotid, internal	common carotid a.	none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic a., posterior communicating a., anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a.	brain; eye and orbit; forehead	internal carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the brain; it anastomoses with the vertebral aa. and the contralateral internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); anterior and middle cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the internal carotid a.
central, of retina	ophthalmic a.	superior nasal br., inferior nasal br., superior temporal br., inferior temporal br.	retina	central a. of the retina is the sole blood supply to the retina; it has no significant collateral circulation and blockage of this vessel leads to blindness; its branches are viewed in a funduscopic exam
cerebellar, anterior inferior	basilar a.	labyrinthine a. (usually)	pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); cerebellum; inner ear	anterior inferior cerebella a. shares its region of supply with branches of the basilar a.
cerebellar, posterior inferior	vertebral a.	posterior spinal a.	part of cerebellum; medulla (cochlear nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus)	posterior inferior cerebellar a. shares its region of supply with the vertebral a. and anterior spinal a. (watershed region)
cerebellar, superior	basilar a.	no named branches	upper cerebellum; trochlear nucleus	there may be more than one superior cerebellar a. arising from the basilar a. on each side
cerebral, anterior	internal carotid a.	anterior communicating a., medial frontobasal a., polar frontal a., callosomarginal a., precuneal a.	medial and inferior portions of the frontal lobe; medial side of the parietal lobe; corpus callosum and part of the limbic lobe; olfactory bulb and tract; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract	the anterior communicating a. unites the two anterior cerebral aa. across the midline
cerebral arterial circle	an anastomotic circle of blood vessels formed by portions of the following vessels: posterior cerebral aa. (2); posterior communicating aa. (2); internal carotid aa. (2); anterior cerebral aa. (2); anterior communicating a.	this is an anastomotic loop; major named vessels connect here, but there are no named branches of the arterial circle	brain and midbrain	also known as: arterial circle of Willis
cerebral, middle	internal carotid a.	lateral frontobasal a.; prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral sulcal a.; central sulcal a.; anterior parietal a.; posterior parietal a.; anterior, middle and posterior temporal aa.	frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, especially on their lateral surfaces	the middle cerebral a. is the direct continuation of the internal carotid a.
cerebral, posterior	basilar a.	posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a.	part of the brainstem (oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear nucleus); medial and inferior portions of the temporal lobe; occipital lobe	the two posterior cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the basilar a.
cervical, ascending	inferior thyroid a.	unnamed muscular branches	deep muscles of the neck	ascending cervical a. ascends on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m. beside the phrenic n.
cervical, deep	costocervical trunk	unnamed muscular branches	deep muscles of the posterior neck	deep cervical a. anastomoses with the occipital a. near the occipital bone
cervical, transverse	thyrocervical trunk	unnamed muscular branches, possibly the dorsal scapular a.	trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues	transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time
choroidal	internal carotid a.	no named branches	choroid plexus; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract	choroidal a. follows the optic tract
ciliary, anterior	muscular brs. of the ophthalmic a.	no named branches	anterior part of eyeball	anterior ciliary aa. course deep to the conjunctiva to reach the region surrounding the iris
ciliary, posterior	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	eyeball	posterior ciliary aa. may be classified as short (supplying the posterior eyeball) and lone (supplying the anterior eyeball); short and long posterior ciliary aa. are identical in their size and course external to the eyeball
common carotid	brachiocephalic trunk (right), aortic arch (left)	external carotid a., internal carotid a.	most of the head and upper neck	common carotid a. bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage; the internal carotid a. and the external carotid a. are its terminal brs.; the carotid sinus and carotid body are located at the bifurcation
communicating, anterior	anterior cerebral a.	perforating aa.	an anastomotic connection	anterior communicating a. is a short vessel of anastomosis which crosses the midline to join the paired anterior cerebral aa.; it is part of the Circle of Willis
communicating, posterior	internal carotid a.	perforating aa.	an anastomotic connection	a vessel of anastomosis which connects the internal carotid a. to the posterior cerebral a.; part of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
costocervical trunk	subclavian a., 2nd part	deep cervical a., highest intercostal a.	deep muscles of the posterior neck; posterior ends of the first 2 intercostal spaces	costocervical trunk is located between the anterior scalene m. and the middle scalene m.; it arches posteriorly over the cervical parietal pleura
cricothyroid	superior thyroid a.	no named branches	cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.	cricothyroid a. travels with the external br. of the superior laryngeal n.
deep cervical	costocervical trunk	unnamed muscular branches	deep muscles of the posterior neck	deep cervical a. anastomoses with the occipital a. near the occipital bone
descending palatine	maxillary a.	greater palatine a., lesser palatine a.	palate	descending palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n. within the palatine canal
dorsal lingual	lingual a.	no named branches	posterior tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate	dorsal lingual a. is only one of five arteries that supply the tonsil bed
dorsal nasal	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	dorsum of the nose	dorsal nasal a. anastomoses with the angular a.
dorsal scapular	subclavian a., 3rd part	unnamed muscular branches	levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major m., rhomboideus minor m.	dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in ~30% of cases
ethmoidal, anterior	ophthalmic a.	anterior meningeal a., anterior septal br., anterior lateral nasal br.	anterior ethmoidal air cells, frontal paranasal sinus, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, nasal mucosa, olfactory nerves	anterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, then runs forward on the cribriform plate
ethmoidal, posterior	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	posterior ethmoidal air cells; olfactory nerves	posterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the posterior ethmoidal foramen
external carotid	common carotid	superior thyroid a., ascending pharyngeal a., lingual a., facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular a., maxillary a., superficial temporal a.	upper neck, face and scalp	external carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the face and superficial head; the maxillary a. and superficial temporal a. are its terminal branches
facial	external carotid a.	ascending palatine a., tonsilar br., submental a., superior labial a., inferior labial a., lateral nasal a., angular a.	lower part of the palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, facial muscles and fascia	the angular branch of the facial a. anastomoses with the ophthalmic a.
facial, transverse	superficial temporal a.	no named branches	parotid gland, masseter m., facial muscles and skin	transverse facial a. anastomoses with branches of the buccal, infraorbital and facial aa.
greater palatine	descending palatine a.	no named branches	hard palate, palatine glands, palatine mucosa	greater palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n., it is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures
inferior alveolar	maxillary a.	lingual br., mylohyoid a., dental brs., mental a.	mandibular teeth and gingiva; mandible; mylohyoid m.	inferior alveolar a. runs with the inferior alveolar nerve within the mandibular canal
inferior labial	facial a.	no named branches	skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the lower lip	inferior labial a. shares its region of distribution with branches of the mental a.
inferior laryngeal	inferior thyroid a.	no named branches	internal part of the inferior larynx	inferior laryngeal a. accompanies the inferior laryngeal n.
inferior thyroid	thyrocervical trunk	ascending cervical a., inferior laryngeal a., esophageal brs., tracheal brs., glandular brs.	thyroid gland, lower larynx, upper trachea, upper esophagus, deep neck muscles	inferior thyroid a. gives rise to the ascending cervical a. as it arches medially
internal carotid	common carotid a.	none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic a., posterior communicating a., anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a.	brain; eye and orbit; forehead	internal carotid a. is the primary blood supply to the brain; it anastomoses with the vertebral aa. and the contralateral internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); anterior and middle cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the internal carotid a.
infraorbital	maxillary a.	anterior superior alveolar a., middle superior alveolar a.	maxillary sinus, maxillary incisors, canine and premolar teeth, skin of the cheek below the orbit, mucosa over the maxillary alveolar arch and the adjacent cheek	infraorbital a. is one of four terminal branches of the maxillary a. (see also: descending palatine a., sphenopalatine a., posterior superior alveolar a.)
labial, inferior	facial a.	no named branches	skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the lower lip	inferior labial a. shares its region of distribution with branches of the mental a.
labial, superior	facial a.	septal br.	skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the upper lip, lower part of the anterior end of the nasal septum	superior labial a. supplies the orbicularis oris m. and the levator labii superioris m.
labyrinthine	anterior inferior cerebellar a. (or basilar a.)	no named branches	internal ear	labyrinthine a. accompanies cranial nerves VII and VIII through the internal acoustic meatus
lacrimal	ophthalmic a.	lateral palpebral aa. (2)	lacrimal gland, lateral sides of the eyelids	lacrimal a. accompanies the lacrimal n.
laryngeal, inferior	inferior thyroid a.	no named branches	internal part of the inferior larynx	inferior laryngeal a. accompanies the inferior laryngeal n.
laryngeal, superior	superior thyroid a.	no named branches	internal aspect of the superior larynx	superior laryngeal a. penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane in company with the internal br. of the superior laryngeal n.
lateral nasal	facial a.	no named branches	lateral side of the nose	lateral nasal a. anastomoses with the dorsal nasal a.
lateral palpebral	lacrimal a.	superior br., inferior br.	lateral sides of the upper and lower eyelids	the 2 lateral palpebral aa. anastomose with the two medial palpebral aa. to form the superior and inferior palpebral arches
lesser palatine	descending palatine a.	no named branches	muscles of the soft palate, mucosa and glands of the soft palate, upper part of the tonsil bed	lesser palatine a. is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures
lingual	external carotid a.	suprahyoid br., dorsal lingual brs., deep lingual a., sublingual a.	tongue, suprahyoid muscles, palatine tonsil	lingual a. is the 2nd branch off of the anterior side of the external carotid a.; it may arise in common with the facial a.
lingual, deep	lingual a.	no named branches	anterior tongue	deep lingual a. is the terminal br. of the lingual a.
lingual, dorsal	lingual a.	no named branches	posterior tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate	dorsal lingual a. is only one of five arteries that supply the tonsil bed
masseteric	maxillary a.	no named branches	masseter m.	masseteric a. passes through the mandibular notch to enter the deep surface of the masseter m.
maxillary	external carotid a.	deep auricular a., anterior tympanic a., middle meningeal a., inferior alveolar a., masseteric a., posterior deep temporal a., anterior deep temporal a., buccal a., posterior superior alveolar a., infraorbital a., a. of the pterygoid canal, descending palatine a., sphenopalatine a.	deep face, infratemporal fossa, tympanic cavity, muscles of mastication	maxillary a. may course medial or lateral to the lateral pterygoid m.
medial palpebral	ophthalmic a.	superior br., inferior br.	medial aspects of the upper and lower eyelids	the 2 medial palpebral aa. anastomose with the two lateral palpebral aa. to form the superior & inferior palpebral arches
meningeal, middle	maxillary a.	frontal br., parietal br., petrous br., superior tympanic br.	most of the dura mater (approx. 80%), bones of the cranial vault	middle meningeal a. passes through the foramen spinosum; it may be torn by a fracture at the pterion; it is encircled by the auriculotemporal n.
mental	inferior alveolar a.	no named branches	skin, superficial fascia and facial mm. of the chin and lower lip	mental a.passes through the mental foramen; it anastomoses with the inferior labial a.; it accompanies the mental n.
middle cerebral	internal carotid a.	lateral frontobasal a.; prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral sulcal a.; central sulcal a.; anterior parietal a.; posterior parietal a.; anterior, middle and posterior temporal aa.	frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, especially on their lateral surfaces	the middle cerebral a. is the direct continuation of the internal carotid a.
middle meningeal	maxillary a.	frontal br., parietal br., petrous br., superior tympanic br.	most of the dura mater (approx. 80%), bones of the cranial vault	middle meningeal a. passes through the foramen spinosum; it may be torn by a fracture at the pterion; it is encircled by the auriculotemporal n.
middle superior alveolar	infraorbital a.	dental brs., mucosal brs.	maxillary premolar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus	middle superior alveolar a. is located between the inner and outer tables of bone of the maxilla
middle temporal	superficial temporal a.	no named branches	temporalis m.	middle temporal a. anastomoses with the posterior br. of the deep temporal a.
mylohyoid	inferior alveolar a.	no named branches	mylohyoid m.	mylohyoid a. accompanies the mylohyoid n. to the mylohyoid m.; a rare artery because it enters the superficial surface of its target muscle
nasal, dorsal	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	dorsum of the nose	dorsal nasal a. anastomoses with the angular a.
nasal, lateral	facial a.	no named branches	lateral side of the nose	lateral nasal a. anastomoses with the dorsal nasal a.
occipital	external carotid a.	sternocleidomastoid brs., auricular br., mastoid br., descending br., occipital brs.	lateral neck, posterior neck, posterior scalp	occipital a. anastomoses with the deep cervical a.; it courses with the greater occipital nerve on the posterior surface of the head
ophthalmic	internal carotid a.	central retinal a., lacrimal a., muscular brs., anterior ethmoidal a., posterior ethmoidal a., medial palpebral a., supraorbital a., supratrochlear a., dorsal nasal a.	optic nerve, optic chiasm optic tract, retina, extraocular mm., eyelids, forehead, ethmoidal air cells, lateral nasal wall, dorsum of the nose	ophthalmic a. provides the only artery to the retina (central retinal a.)
palatine, ascending	facial a.	no named branches	superior pharyngeal constrictor, soft palate, palatine tonsil	ascending palatine a. shares supply of the tonsil bed with 4 other aa. (see also: tonsillar br. of the facial a., palatine br. of the ascending pharyngeal a., tonsillar br. of the dorsal lingual a., tonsillar br. of the descending palatine a.)
palatine, descending	maxillary a.	greater palatine a., lesser palatine a.	palate	descending palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n. within the palatine canal
palatine, greater	descending palatine a.	no named branches	hard palate, palatine glands, palatine mucosa	greater palatine a. accompanies the greater palatine n., it is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures
palatine, lesser	descending palatine a.	no named branches	muscles of the soft palate, mucosa and glands of the soft palate, upper part of the tonsil bed	lesser palatine a. is endangered by anesthetic injections for dental procedures
palpebral, lateral	lacrimal a.	superior br., inferior br.	lateral sides of the upper and lower eyelids	the 2 lateral palpebral aa. anastomose with the two medial palpebral aa. to form the superior and inferior palpebral arches
palpebral, medial	ophthalmic a.	superior br., inferior br.	medial aspects of the upper and lower eyelids	the 2 medial palpebral aa. anastomose with the two lateral palpebral aa. to form the superior & inferior palpebral arches
pharyngeal, ascending	external carotid	pharyngeal brs., inferior tympanic, posterior meningeal	pharynx	arises from the medial side of the external carotid a. close to the birfurcation
posterior auricular	external carotid a.	stylomastoid br., auricular br., occipital br.	part of the external ear, scalp and deeper structures posterior to the ear	posterior auricular and greater occipital share their region of distribution
posterior cerebral	basilar a.	posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a.	part of the brainstem (oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear nucleus); medial and inferior portions of the temporal lobe; occipital lobe	the two posterior cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the basilar a.
posterior communicating	internal carotid a.	perforating aa.	an anastomotic connection	a vessel of anastomosis which connects the internal carotid a. to the posterior cerebral a.; part of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
posterior deep temporal	maxillary a.	no named branches	posterior part of the temporalis m.	posterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m.
posterior ethmoidal	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	posterior ethmoidal air cells; olfactory nerves	posterior ethmoidal a. leaves the orbit through the posterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior inferior cerebellar	vertebral a.	posterior spinal a.	part of cerebellum; medulla (cochlear nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus)	posterior inferior cerebellar a. shares its region of supply with the vertebral a. and anterior spinal a. (watershed region)
posterior radicular	they arise as multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.)	no named branches	meninges; spinal cord; spinal nerve; dorsal rootlets	posterior radicular aa. accompany the dorsal rootlets; they anastomose with the posterior spinal aa.
posterior septal	sphenopalatine a. (several small brs.)	no named branches	posterior aspect of the nasal septum	posterior septal a. supplies the mucous membrane of the nasal septum
posterior spinal	contributions received from several arteries (posterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)	pial arterial plexus	spinal cord, especially the dorsal columns; medulla (nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis)	paired; posterior spinal aa. anastomose with the posterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
posterior superior alveolar	maxillary a.	dental brs., mucosal brs.	maxillary molar teeth; part of the maxillary sinus	posterior superior alveolar a. enters the maxilla in the infratemporal fossa
quadrigeminal	posterior cerebral	no named branches	trochlear nerve; corpora quadrigemina	blockage of the quadrigeminal a. results in paralysis of the superior oblique m. of the eye
radicular, anterior	they arise as multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.)	they accompany the ventral rootlets to reach the spinal cord	meninges; spinal cord; spinal nerve; ventral rootlets	anterior radicular aa. anastomose with the anterior spinal a.
radicular, great anterior	the spinal br. of the lower posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., or upper lumbar a., usually on left	no named branches	lower spinal cord	great anterior radicular a. anastomoses with the anterior spinal a. at lower thoracic or upper lumbar spinal cord levels
radicular, posterior	they arise as multiple branches of several vessels (vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa.)	no named branches	meninges; spinal cord; spinal nerve; dorsal rootlets	posterior radicular aa. accompany the dorsal rootlets; they anastomose with the posterior spinal aa.
sphenopalatine	maxillary a.	posterior lateral nasal brs., posterior septal brs.	posterolateral nasal wall, posteroinferior nasal septum, hard palate behind the maxillary incisor teeth	sphenopalatine a. accompanies the nasopalatine n.
spinal, anterior	contributions received from several arteries (vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)	pial arterial plexus	meninges; spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus)	the anterior spinal a. anastomoses with the anterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
spinal, posterior	contributions received from several arteries (posterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa.)	pial arterial plexus	spinal cord, especially the dorsal columns; medulla (nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis)	paired; posterior spinal aa. anastomose with the posterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa.
stylomastoid	posterior auricular a.	no named branches	tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells	stylomastoid br. of the posterior auricular a. passes through the stylomastoid foramen in company with the facial n.
subclavian	brachiocephalic a. (right), aortic arch (left)	1st part: vertebral a., thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic a.; 2nd part: costocervical trunk; 3rd part: dorsal scapular a. (70%)	neck, brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland, larynx, shoulder, chest muscles, upper limb	subclavian a. is continuous with the axillary a., the name change occurs at the lateral border of the first rib; anterior scalene muscle passes anterior to the subclavian a., dividing it into 3 parts
sublingual	lingual a.	no named branches	mylohyoid m., sublingual gland, floor of the mouth	sublingual a. is one of three branches of the lingual a. (see also: dorsal lingual a., deep lingual a.)
submental	facial a.	no named branches	muscles, skin and fascia under the chin; submandibular gland	submental a. supplies the submandibular gland and the mylohyoid m. in addition to the skin and superficial fascia
superficial temporal	external carotid a.	transverse facial a.; anterior auricular brs.; zygomatico-orbital a.; middle temporal a.; frontal br.; parietal br.	scalp of the lateral side of the head; lateral face; temporalis m.	superficial temporal a. and maxillary a. are the terminal branches of the external carotid a.
superior cerebellar	basilar a.	no named branches	upper cerebellum; trochlear nucleus	there may be more than one superior cerebellar a. arising from the basilar a. on each side
superior labial	facial a.	septal br.	skin, muscles, fasciae and mucosa of the upper lip, lower part of the anterior end of the nasal septum	superior labial a. supplies the orbicularis oris m. and the levator labii superioris m.
superior laryngeal	superior thyroid a.	no named branches	internal aspect of the superior larynx	superior laryngeal a. penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane in company with the internal br. of the superior laryngeal n.
superior thyroid	external carotid a.	infrahyoid br., sternocleidomastoid br., superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid br., glandular brs.	thyroid gland, upper part of the larynx, infrahyoid mm., sternocleidomastoid m.	superior thyroid a. is usually the first branch of the external carotid a.
supraorbital	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	muscles, skin and fascia of the forehead	supraorbital a. accompanies the supraorbital n.
suprascapular	thyrocervical trunk	muscular	supraspinatus & infraspinatus, shoulder joint	anastomoses with the circumflex scapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis
supratrochlear	ophthalmic a.	no named branches	muscles, skin and fascia of the medial forehead	supratrochlear a. accompanies the supratrochlear n.
temporal, anterior deep	maxillary a.	no named branches	anterior part of temporalis m. and surrounding deep tissues	anterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m.
temporal, middle	superficial temporal a.	no named branches	temporalis m.	middle temporal a. anastomoses with the posterior br. of the deep temporal a.
temporal, posterior deep	maxillary a.	no named branches	posterior part of the temporalis m.	posterior deep temporal a. branches in the infratemporal fossa and runs deep to temporalis m.
temporal, superficial	external carotid a.	transverse facial a.; anterior auricular brs.; zygomatico-orbital a.; middle temporal a.; frontal br.; parietal br.	scalp of the lateral side of the head; lateral face; temporalis m.	superficial temporal a. and maxillary a. are the terminal branches of the external carotid a.
thoracic, internal	subclavian a. (1st part)	pericardiocophrenic a., perforating brs., anterior intercostal aa., mediastinal brs., thymic brs., musculophrenic a., superior epigastric a.	mediastinum, anterior thoracic wall, anterior abdominal wall, respiratory diaphragm	internal thoracic a. is also known as: internal mammary a.
thyrocervical trunk	subclavian a., 1st part	inferior thyroid a., transverse cervical a., suprascapular a.	lower neck, posterior shoulder, thyroid gland	thyrocervical trunk does not give rise to the ascending cervical a.- it is a branch of the inferior thyroid a.
thyroid, inferior	thyrocervical trunk	ascending cervical a., inferior laryngeal a., esophageal brs., tracheal brs., glandular brs.	thyroid gland, lower larynx, upper trachea, upper esophagus, deep neck muscles	inferior thyroid a. gives rise to the ascending cervical a. as it arches medially
thyroid, superior	external carotid a.	infrahyoid br., sternocleidomastoid br., superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid br., glandular brs.	thyroid gland, upper part of the larynx, infrahyoid mm., sternocleidomastoid m.	superior thyroid a. is usually the first branch of the external carotid a.
thyroidea ima	brachiocephalic a. or aortic arch	no named branches	isthmus of the thyroid gland, upper trachea	thyroidea ima a. is present in 10% of individuals; it is clinically significant because it is a midline artery in the region of tracheostomy; ima means "lowest"
transverse cervical	thyrocervical trunk	unnamed muscular branches, possibly the dorsal scapular a.	trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues	transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time
transverse facial	superficial temporal a.	no named branches	parotid gland, masseter m., facial muscles and skin	transverse facial a. anastomoses with branches of the buccal, infraorbital and facial aa.
trunk, brachiocephalic	aortic arch	right common carotid a., right subclavian a.	right side of the head and neck; right upper limb and right side of the chest wall	there is only one brachiocephalic trunk
trunk, costocervical	subclavian a., 2nd part	deep cervical a., highest intercostal a.	deep muscles of the posterior neck; posterior ends of the first 2 intercostal spaces	costocervical trunk is located between the anterior scalene m. and the middle scalene m.; it arches posteriorly over the cervical parietal pleura
trunk, thyrocervical	subclavian a., 1st part	inferior thyroid a., transverse cervical a., suprascapular a.	lower neck, posterior shoulder, thyroid gland	thyrocervical trunk does not give rise to the ascending cervical a.- it is a branch of the inferior thyroid a.
tympanic, anterior	maxillary a.	no named branches	middle ear	anterior tympanic a. passes through the petrotympanic fissure along with the chorda tympani n.
vertebral	subclavian a.(1st part)	spinal brs., muscular brs., anterior spinal a., posterior inferior cerebellar a., medullary brs., meningeal brs., basilar a.	deep neck, cervical spinal cord, spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus)	vertebral a. anastomoses with the internal carotid a. in the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); it courses through the transverse foramina of vertebrae C1-C6